PROSTRATE CANCER ASSESSMENT

Some men with prostate cancer do not present any symptoms at all whereas others show all the classic signs. A man may also portray the common symptoms of prostate cancer even though he does not have the disease.

Never the less, a man should seek medical help if he notices any of the following symptoms especially if he is at a higher risk of developing prostate cancer:

-         Difficulties when starting to urinate/stopping or holding back urine

-         Inability to urinate

-         Interrupted or weak urine flow

-         A need to urinate frequently, especially at night time

-         Pain or a burning sensation when urinating

-         Presence of blood in semen and/or urine

-         Pain during ejaculation

-         Difficulties obtaining and maintaining an erection

-         Stiffness or pain in lower back, upper thighs and/or hips

There are a number of conditions which can cause symptoms such as those mentioned above. For example, during the aging process of men, the prostate may grow.

A prostate that is enlarged, known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and can prevent or block the urine flow and/or interfere with a man’s sexual functions. Although BPH is totally different to prostate cancer, it can cause the same symptoms. 

Although it is wise to look out for these symptoms, only a medical professional with an expertise in this area can determine whether or not a man has prostate cancer or other conditions such as BPH using the appropriate tests.

There are four primary diagnostic tests which are tools for diagnosing prostate cancer. The tests can either screen for cancer or help the doctor determine how progressed the cancer is.

The available tests include:

Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)

The prostate is positioned next to the rectum. This is performed by inserting a lubricated gloved finger into the rectum to examine the prostate gland. This will enable the doctor to find any abnormalities with regards to the shape, size of the gland and its texture. There are usually additional test required to help with a diagnosis.

Prostate–Specific Antigen Test (PSA)

This test analyzes blood by checking for a substance that is produced by the prostate gland. A minute amount of PSA is diffused into the blood stream which is measured by this test.  If the PSA level is above 4.0ng/ml prostate disease may be indicated or another disorder such as an infection or enlargement of the prostate gland.  

Transrectal Ultrasound

A transrectal ultrasound may be performed to evalulate the prostate. A small probe will be inserted into the rectum to emit sound waves. This will then produce an image of the prostate gland and the surrounding area.  

Biopsy

The doctor/surgeon will remove between 6 and 12 tiny prostate bits known as ‘cores.’  These will then be evaluated by a pathologist for a definitive diagnosis and grading of cancer if diagnosed. The biopsy is important, particularly for the correct treatment approach.